What's Next For NASA?

"As a former astronaut and the current NASA Administrator, I'm here to tell you that American leadership in space will continue for at least the next half-century because we have laid the foundation for success -- and failure is not an option."
Charles Bolden, NASA Administrator
National Press Club, July 1, 2011
› View Speech Video | › Speech Text (82 KB PDF)

The end of the space shuttle program does not mean the end of NASA, or even of NASA sending humans into space. NASA has a robust program of exploration, technology development and scientific research that will last for years to come. Here is what's next for NASA:

Exploration
NASA is designing and building the capabilities to send humans to explore the solar system, working toward a goal of landing humans on Mars. We will build the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, based on the design for the Orion capsule, with a capacity to take four astronauts on 21-day missions.

We will soon announce the design for the heavy-lift Space Launch System that will carry us out of low Earth orbit. We are developing the technologies we will need for human exploration of the solar system, including solar electric propulsion, refueling depots in orbit, radiation protection and high-reliability life support systems.

International Space Station
The International Space Station is the centerpiece of our human spaceflight activities in low Earth orbit. The ISS is fully staffed with a crew of six, and American astronauts will continue to live and work there in space 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Part of the U.S. portion of the station has been designated as a national laboratory, and NASA is committed to using this unique resource for scientific research.

The ISS is a test bed for exploration technologies such as autonomous refueling of spacecraft, advanced life support systems and human/robotic interfaces. Commercial companies are well on their way to providing cargo and crew flights to the ISS, allowing NASA to focus its attention on the next steps into our solar system.

Aeronautics
NASA is researching ways to design and build aircraft that are safer, more fuel-efficient, quieter, and environmentally responsible. We are also working to create traffic management systems that are safer, more efficient and more flexible. We are developing technologies that improve routing during flights and enable aircraft to climb to and descend from their cruising altitude without interruption.

We believe it is possible to build an aircraft that uses less fuel, gives off fewer emissions, and is quieter, and we are working on the technologies to create that aircraft. NASA is also part of the government team that is working to develop the Next Generation Air Transportation System, or NextGen, to be in place by the year 2025. We will continue to validate new, complex aircraft and air traffic control systems to ensure that they meet extremely high safety levels.

Science
NASA is conducting an unprecedented array of missions that will seek new knowledge and understanding of Earth, the solar system and the universe. The Dawn spacecraft is making a year-long visit to the large asteroid Vesta to help us understand the earliest chapter of our solar system's history. The Juno spacecraft, launched in August 2011, will arrive at Jupiter in July 2016 to investigate the gas giant's origins, structure, and atmosphere. The September launch of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project is a critical first step in building a next-generation Earth-monitoring satellite system.

NASA returns to the moon to study the moon's gravity field and determine the structure of the lunar interior with the October launch of GRAIL. In November, we launch the Mars Science Laboratory named Curiosity on its journey to Mars to look for evidence of microbial life on the red planet. And in February 2012, we will launch the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array to search for black holes, map supernova explosions, and study the most extreme active galaxies.

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NASA Begins Testing of Next-Generation J-2X Rocket Engine

NASA conducted a combined chill test and 1.9-second ignition test July 14 of the next-generation J-2X rocket engine that could help carry humans beyond low-Earth orbit to deep space.

The test at John C. Stennis Space Center is the first in a series of tests that will be conducted on the J-2X engine, which is being developed for NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., by Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. The ignition test on the A-2 Test Stand is the first of a series of firings over the next several months. Collected data will verify the engine functions as designed.

The J-2X engine uses liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel, which can be mixed to generate 294,000 pounds of thrust to lift a spacecraft into low-Earth orbit or 242,000 pounds of thrust to power a spacecraft from low-Earth orbit into deep space. The engine is designed to start and restart in space.

For more information about the J-2X engine, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/j2x/

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NASA and Chevron Partner to Benefit the Energy Industry

PASADENA, Calif. -- NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and Chevron Corporation in San Ramon, Calif., have announced a partnership to develop a range of advanced technologies that can be used in harsh environments, both on Earth and in space.

"We are proud that the same pool of talent that sends rovers to Mars, explores our universe and studies Earth's environment will help contribute advanced technology towards our energy future here on Earth," said JPL Director Charles Elachi.

Elachi and Paul Siegele, president of Chevron Energy Technology Company, met at JPL to kick off a partnership for Advanced Energy Technology Development. Under this partnership, JPL will assist in the demonstration, development and commercial deployment of a range of technologies that benefit from JPL's unique heritage in space exploration. These technologies include: valves to selectively control oil and gas flow from different geological formations in a well; single-phase pumping motors for continuous operation at the bottom of deep wells; sensors and electronics for downhole deployment; and integrated management systems for monitoring temperature, pressure and flow rates in deep wells and assessing the health of drilling operations.

This new collaboration will benefit NASA by further advancing technologies that could one day be used for exploring other planets, and will also promote commercialization of technologies developed for space exploration. The partnership will help Chevron develop its energy resources to enable a better energy future for all of us.

"NASA and JPL are highly acclaimed national treasures, and Chevron is proud to collaborate with them to unlock new energy potential," said John McDonald, Chevron's corporate vice president and chief technology officer. "This alliance is an opportunity to bridge public- and private-sector technology and research to discover oil and natural gas volumes that are found in deep remote reservoirs. In many ways, the research is akin to deep space exploration, making the missions of our two organizations highly complementary."

As NASA's lead center for robotic exploration of the solar system, JPL has a wide-ranging charter that also includes active programs in Earth science, astronomy and physics, and technology development. The demands of space missions provide the impetus to JPL scientists and engineers to push the boundaries of design and technology to achieve smaller size, better performance, and less power consumption in a cost-constrained environment. Many technologies developed at JPL, from hardware and software to materials, have direct applications right here on Earth.

The National Space Technology Applications Office (NSTA) has been established to develop a sustaining business base through expanded relations with non-NASA sponsors. NSTA develops collaborations with elements of the four national space sectors: military, intelligence, civil and commercial. Each of these sectors is responsible for specific development of partnerships that expand and enhance the NASA/JPL-Caltech technology base. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.

Chevron is one of the world's leading integrated energy companies, with subsidiaries that conduct business worldwide. Chevron explores for, produces and transports crude oil and natural gas; refines, markets and distributes transportation fuels and lubricants; manufactures and sells petrochemical products; generates power and produces geothermal energy; provides energy efficiency solutions; and develops the energy resources of the future, including biofuels.

The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist seek to transfer technology developed for space into the commercial marketplace, yielding economic benefits and quality of life improvements for people here on Earth.

More information about NASA is online at http://www.nasa.gov . More information about NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist is online at http://www.nasa.gov/oct .
More information about JPL's Technology Transfer office is available at: http://www.ott.caltech.edu/ .

More information about Chevron is available at www.chevron.com .

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New Webb Telescope Technologies Already Helping Human Eyes

 Even while construction of the James Webb Space Telescope is underway on the most advanced infrared vision of any space observatory, its technologies are already proving useful to human eye health here on Earth.

"The Webb telescope program has enabled a number of improvements in measurement technology for astronomy, mirror fabrication, and measurement of human eyes, diagnosis of ocular diseases and potentially improved surgery," said Dr. Dan Neal, Research Fellow at Abbott Medical Optics Inc. in Albuquerque, N.M.

The Webb telescope will be the most scientifically powerful telescope NASA has ever built -- 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope. The Webb telescope will find the first galaxies that formed in the early universe, connecting the Big Bang to our own Milky Way Galaxy. It will also peer through dusty clouds to see stars and planets being born, connecting star formation in our own galaxy with the solar system.

"The advanced wavefront sensing technology developed for testing the Webb telescope's 18 primary mirrors led to the new applications in other areas," said Tony Hull of L3 Integrated Optical Systems Division-Tinsley Facility in Richmond, Calif., where the Webb's mirrors were recently polished to accuracies of less than one millionth of an inch.

"Wavefront sensing” is used to measure shape of the mirrors during fabrication and control the optics once the telescope is in orbit.

Ophthalmologists routinely use wavefront technology to measure aberrations of the eye. Those measurements help with diagnosis, research, characterization and planning treatment of eye health issues.

"The technology also provides more accurate eye measurements for people about to undergo Laser Refractive Surgery," Neal said. "To date 10-12 million eyes have been treated with Lasik procedures in the U.S. alone. As technology improves, so does the quality of these procedures."

A new "scanning and stitching" technology developed for the Webb telescope led to a number of innovative instrument concepts for more accurate measurement for contact lenses and intra-ocular lenses. Another benefit to eye health is that this technique can help "map" the topography of the eye more accurately.

Think of the surface of your eye as being as dented as the surface of the moon. Precise measurements of your eye's surface are helpful when assessing eyes for contact lenses. The scanning and stitching technology improvements have enabled eye doctors to get much more detailed information about the shape and "topography" of your eye, and do it in seconds rather than hours. Four patents have been issued as result of innovations driven by the Webb telescope program. "These tools are now used to align and build the next generation of measuring devices for human eyes," Neal said.

"The lasting impact of the Webb telescope may go beyond the vision of astronomers seeking to see the distant universe; the impact may be a better national technology base and better vision for people everywhere," Hull said.

NASA's Innovative Partnerships Program Office (IPPO) is making available wavefront sensing and adaptive optics technologies, procedures and lab equipment to private industry through its "Can you See it Now?" campaign. All of the technologies associated with the campaign are available for licensing and can be found at http://ipp.gsfc.nasa.gov/wavefront.

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Understanding Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

THRUSDAY, 1 SEPTEMBER 2011

Understanding Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Definition of ICT:

According to Eric Deeson, Harper Collins Publishers, Dictionary of Information Technology, Glasgow, UK, 1991
"Information Technology (IT) the handling of information by electric and electronic (and microelectronic) means."
Here includes handling the transfer. Processing, storage and access, IT special concern being the use of hardware and software for these tasks for the benefit of individual people and society as a whole "
From the above explanation: human needs in the pick up and move, process and process information in a social context that benefit themselves and society as a whole. How implication in order to benefit individually and society as a whole does not is defined more specifically.
Information Technology in the National Curriculum, England and Wales, 1995
"Information technology (IT) capability is characterized by an ability to use IT tools effectively an information source to Analyse, process the information present, and to model, measure the control external events.
This Involve:
· Using sourcxes information and IT tools to solve problems
Using it · tools and information source, sich as computer systems and software packages, to support learning in variety Contexts;
· Understanding the implication of IT for working life and society.
Should pupils be given opportunities, where Appropriate, to develop and apply IT Their capability in Their study of National Curriculum subjects. "
From the above explanation: there seems to be the reference potential of ICTs to be reached and the system of values ​​in work on daily life are going dibelajarkan, such as the value of what needs to be developed in a community social system with regard to the ability to use ICT
According to the National Education Indonesia Puskur th ... ..
a. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) includes two aspects, namely Information and Communications Technology.
i. Information Technology is to include all matters relating to process, use as aids, manipulation, and information management.
ii. Communication technology is all things relating to the use of assistive devices to process and transfer data from one device to another.
b. Information and Communication Technology is an equivalent integral containing the broader sense of all activities related to the processing, manipulation, management, and transfer / transfer of information between media
According sannai anatta, Jakarta Indonesia, 2004
Information and communication technology is a medium or tool in gaining knowledge of a person to other people.

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Networking Fundamentals
Contents: Networking Terminology, Data Network, Network History, Device Networking, Topology, Protocol, Bandwidth, Bandwidth Analogy, Bandwidth Limit, Throughput, Calculate, OSI Model, OSI Layer, TCP / IP Model, Encapsulation
1. Networking Terminology
When designing a network bandwidth usage is very important and determines the data transfer. Layer model is used to describe the functions in the network such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) and the Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) either in a LAN, MAN, WAN, SAN and VPN.
This section will discuss data networks, network devices, topology and bandwidth usage, identification bps, kbps, Mbps, the bandwidth throughput, data transfer calculations, the approach to the OSI model and TCP / IP model, identification of network devices that are used.
1. Data NetworkData networks that exist today are part of the process and the work of a business application that was written by a personal computer, when the personal computer is not connected into a network then there is the inefficient use of working time even with the calculation of a cost effective business . Imagine if someone working at a large company and will do the copying files or copying files then it will do is walk into a place where the source data is stored, it will be very tiring and time consuming. How does communication work in order to be effective? So what solutions do to address these conditions?,
things to do is to build a network of computers working environment. By building a standard local area network (LAN) then the exchange of data or information between the personal and the inside of an enterprise can be resolved quickly and accurately.
The distance data transfers in a network will affect network devices, cabling, topology and type of network usedComputer network based on area or wide area
Based on the area or an area, a computer network can be divided into three, namely:
# - LAN (Local Area Network)
# - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
# - WAN (Wide Area Network)
LAN or Local Area Network is;
Figure 2:36 Local Area Network
computer network to areas that are not so widespread.
Limits the size of a LAN is a single building.
Example of a LAN is a network located in schools that connect computers belonging to students, the teacher's computer and the computer's administrative section. In LAN we can workgroup or a collection of multiple computers or users that make sharing resources or sharing resources.
For example, a workgroup comprised of user guru1 teacher, guru2, guru3 and so on,
while the student workgroup comprised of user siswa1, siswa2 and so on.
Use of this workgroup will facilitate the handling or management network.
Benefits of using LAN are:
# - Each user can exchange files (file sharing) is easy
# - Each user can share the printer (printer sharing)
# - Each user can store the data centrally (file server)
# - Each user can communicate with each other using a computer.
MAN or Metropolitan Area Network is; Figure 2:37 Schematic Metropolitan Area Network
computer network that connects computers within a city.
Examples of this network is a network between several schools in one city.
MAN same concept as the LAN, which make sharing resources or sharing
resources, it's just a broader scope.



WAN or Wide Area Network is; Figure 2:38 Schematic Wide Area Network
computer network with the widest geographic coverage to reach
Another island, another country, another continent, and even outer space.
WAN is usually a collection of a number of LAN and MAN.
Examples of application of the WAN is a network-owned banks nationwide
For example: Bank "A" which is headquartered in Jakarta has a branch office in Surabaya, Makassar and Denpasar. Bank "A" also opened overseas branches in the
in Singapore, Malaysia, and Philippines.
In each branch, the bank has its own office with a number of staff and full facilities including ATMs (Automatic Teller Machine).
To obtain accurate information from all branches of financial transactions,
Bank "A" create a network of computers belonging to the category of WAN.
The advantage of using a WAN are:
a. computer servers to data centers can be centralized in one location
b. inter-branch communication can be done using e-mail or chat is cheaper than telephone communications
c. documents can be sent in the form of electronic mail, thereby reducing the cost and hassle of shipping documents through the post office.
Posted by Putu_KuroiObake at 10:37
Label: computer networks based on area or wide area

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Ethernet data cable

Color Code
Ethernet data cable consists of four pairs of wire. Each has a specific color (solid) with her partner berwarnah white stripes specific color (solid), twisted into one. For Ethernet performance is good, do not open too long wrench (about ¼ inch).


Color code on the cable pair
Pair 1: putih-biru/biru (white-blue/blue)Pair 2: putih-orange/orange (white-orange/orange)Pair 3: putih-hijau/hijau (white-green/green)Pair 4: putih-coklat/coklat (white-brown/brown)
Design for 10BaseT Ethernet are orange and green. Two other pairs, brown and blue, is not used. The following configuration uses an RJ-45 cable
There are two standard ethernet cables for this, namely T-568A and T-568B. The picture above shows both standards are. Standard T-568B, orange and green pairs are placed on pins 1, 2 and 3, 6. Standard T-568A turned orange and green connections, so the pair of blue and orange into 4 pin in the middle, which mebuat such connections is more suited for telco voice connections.
T-568A has been used as a standard installation, while T-568B only as an alternative course.
Cross-over Cable (Cross Cable) EthernetCable Ethernet / LAN has 8 wires (4 pair). For the needs of Trust connections that use cable, Ethernet requires 2 pairs of wire, one pair serves as the "transmit" and one pair of longer serve as a "receive".
Pin Configuration:
Pin 1 - Pin 3Pin 2 - Pin 6
Connections like this are used to connect:
1. Hub to Hub.2. Switch to switch3. Computer to computer4. Router Ethernet port to port Router Ethernte5. Computer to Router6.Komputer to IP Modem (modem output in the form of an Ethernet card)
Cable "Straight-Through"Configuration cable "straight-through" for Ethernet is, pin 1 on the connector is connected to pin 1 on the opposite end of the connector, so it goes to pin 2 to 8.
Cable Connection "Straight-through" is used to connect:1. Between Computer to Hub2. Between the Computer to the Switch

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Style Blog Posts

20 Style Blog Posts 

by Putu_KuroiObake 

Incidentally rest day yesterday (March 7, 2010) prompted mas Vavai, on behalf of friends jakarta to charge the blogger community events Blogger Amprokan 2010. To be sure Amprokan Blogger 2010 was very exciting event. I applaud the tenacity of the committee which managed to arrange the event, which synergize with community events and local government activities. Hopefully can continue into subsequent years ... Amiiiin:) I am one with my session and mas mas Budi Putra Mabrur, although ultimately a different topic lol. New confirmation about what should ngisi mas Vavai with about 11 o'clock at night before. Actually, the theme of magnitude on Green Cyber ​​City, just honest, again do not want a hard-talking tough: D Finally I bring the theme of discussions virus problem "averse posts" that hit the bloggers lately. The virus that eats away at productivity bloggers on the one hand this is bad, but on the other side is actually a silver lining, because the blogger wants to keep the quality of his writing. But of course we should immediately prepare antibiotic, especially for bloggers who have entered a critical phase and the slogan "have to write mending ga, ga-quality writing than": ( 

There are many styles of writing a blog post that we can combine them on our blog posts, without sacrificing the character and brand our blog. Again please understand, that I discuss is a style of blog post, not the type, genre or topic of the blog articles.Posting style will not change the character and the topic of our blog, just making the variation order to maintain the "power" we wrote:) My writing and adaptation of the presentations were interesting Rohit Bhargava titled 25 Basic Styles of Blogging made around 2007. 

I rangkumkan that there are about 20 blog posts that can force we use on our blog. In order not to confused to understand tips that comes with every style, his explanation is as follows: 

    Maximum Posts Per Week: The maximum number of posts per week is recommended articles, so people do not become bored (1, 2, 3,4,5 +) 

    Popularity: The popularity of the style of this blog post (1-5) 

    Difficulty: The difficulty of making an article with this style of blog post (easy, medium, hard) 

Okeh, we begin yuk:) Oh yes, if interested in the presentation (slides) that I bring to the event Blogger Amprokan 2010, can be downloaded at the end of this article. This post is a summary of what I write on a slide, real-world examples and detailed style of blog post tips can be studied through the slides in PDF format. 

    Insight Bloggingg: Divide the original ideas, deep thoughts, trends and commentary on a topic. Including the most difficult style of blogging to do. May post more than five times a week and also high levels of popularity (4). Although it should be understood that the level of difficulty is very high (difficult). 

    Ambition Blogging: The goal posts to achieve an ambition and ideals as desired.Usually the post is intended for decision makers. Due to relatively low levels of difficulty writing it and so will his popularity, then you should not post more than one article per week. 

    Piggyback Blogging: Posting on a topic that is popular and crowded displayed in the media. The form can be opinion, the study analysis, etc.. With the difficulty level and popularity is a pretty (3), then hunt a post like this might be an attractive option for bloggers who are writing some comment people:) 

    Life Blogging: A so-called reality blogging. Posting about the real story that happened in our daily lives. Relatively easy to do, despite its popularity being (2). The number of posts with this style may be more than five times a week. 

    Brand Blogging: Posting on the positive attributes of a brand, personal or product (inside look). It could also be an association of individuals with a good brand of its official or unofficial. Must be carefully addressed, although it looks tempting, and may be more than five times a week, but its popularity is relatively low (2):

    Detractor Blogging: Posting of dislike, complain about a service, product or brand.Usually, because bloggers get a bad experience when using the service, product and brand. Despite the fairly high level of popularity (3), but please remember not to do a post with this style more than once a week. I myself have only ever made four posts in my blogging life. Too vulgar to detractor blogging will make us deal with the article 27 UU ITE:) 

    Annoucement Blogging: Posting in the form of a news, announcements or major issue that is not generally known before. The maximum effect would be obtained if we become disseminators of the news first about the issue. Although including a post that is very difficult, especially getting the timing, but including that sometimes we have to pursue because of the popularity of really fantastic (5):) 

    Link Blogging: Posting a link collection sites, blogs or other content required by the reader. If we succeed in presenting a link that is needed by our readers, then we post the url will be bookmarked and stored by our readers. The difficulty is tolerable, but its popularity is relatively high:) 

    Video Blogging: Posting of original self-made video. It could also put the video on YouTube, made the link in our blog posts and we give an interesting commentary and analysis. Popularity depends on the quality of the video and comments that we deliver. 

    Photo Blogging: Posting that contains the main results of photo shots. Photos are usually shaped series which we take directly from our camera. Could be given additional comments on this post or only photographs. Difficulty level is lower than the Video Blogging, but its popularity is relatively similar. Suitable for patching the boredom of our readers who are used to read the article in the form of text on our blog. 

    Blogging Review: Opinions and honest review from us about a product or service.Could be due to demand, pay, or our personal initiative. Posts that are relatively easy to do, but its popularity is decent. Including the posts that must often we go after:) 

    Blogging Evangelist: The goal to inspire others to believe in something we believe.Something that can be a social problem, organization, product or individual that we believe. It would be even more powerful when the inspiration and the invitation is based on a semi-scientific study:) 

    List Blogging: Posting of the top 10 rankings (top ten) or something about something. Posts will usually be in your bookmarks and distributed by the readers of our blog. With the difficulty is and maximum may post more than five times per week, including who may have to often we make. Especially if you see a high level of popularity (5). Could start with something simple rank and valuation parameters are easy. 

    Blogging Survey: Posting a survey that we hope is answered by the readers of our blog. Survey or poll can use the plugin we ask the reader directly to answer in our blog comments field. Its popularity is high (4) and may be relatively easy to do when we use the poll plugin. Could begin by making a simple survey about our activities, books we read, the ideal home or something that is a trend in society. 

    Repost Blogging: Taking the writing or posting of blogs or other sites and post on our blog. Usually by being given additional comments or just copy and paste the bitter end. Including that I always avoid in blogging and indeed should not we do it because it will lower our blog brand. 

    Guest Blogging: Writing an article published on blogs or other sites that are not ours. Usually because we join a community or we do not have the means to blog. 

    Interview Blogging: Posting of the results of interviews with someone. Published in the form of text (transcript), audio, or video. Relatively difficult, but usually its popularity is quite high. May be performed more than five times a week. 

    Event Blogging: Posting form impressions, opinions and thoughts about an event (seminar, conference, concert, etc) that we follow or not. Its popularity is high when many of our readers related to the event that we postingkan 

    Live Blogging: Posting what is currently happening in realtime. Usually bloggers using mobile equipment and the reader follows through the RSS (syndication). Some bloggers are now using facebook and twitter for live blogging. Includes a high popularity, but should be careful in editing the article because the error rate on live blogging writing is high (limited time). 

    Classified Blogging: There is a need for a product or service. Post a job opening or search for a product or a statement of services that we want to be bought or sold. It was easy to do and we should not often do:) 

Similarly, 20-style blog post that we can use to enrich our blog content. Bloggers are also human beings who feel weary, tired and bored. Insight oriented Blogging is always good, but it does not mean that when our conditions are no ideas, keep blogging so stopped. Combine with Photo Blogging, List Blogging, Live Blogging, etc whenever possible. That will make our blog is not boring, and certainly we still do not lose our character in blogging.

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